Where Jacob and his rival alone on the island?
I’ve always pondered whether or not they belonged to a bigger tribe.
I’ve also thought maybe they are actually from the future, and perhaps experienced some kind of incident of their own thats left them the way they are. Maybe thats why his rival couldnt kill him, because they both know that Jacob has some kind of role to play, but the loop takes Jacobs significance away and therefore he is redundant.
I definitely think they’re human.

Humans from the future who reside in the past could be labeled “alien” since they would be “alien” to the time they are residing in.
Taking into consideration real life theory about how “aliens” shared their advanced technology with the Egyptians … might these “aliens” simply be human beings from the future who built time machines and traveled back in time to share their advancement with ancient humans?
The records of these shared “secrets of future” are long gone do to “course correction” – due to WHH. Only a few traces are left behind such as remnant of a tapestry, a carving/painting on stone, the last two timetravelers sitting on a beach watching the Black Rock…